Under local development frameworks like the Parish Development Model (PDM), billions of shillings are sent directly to local parishes to boost household incomes. 

    * There is an ongoing debate on whether the state should use automated, centralized digital tracking (like mobile money data tracking and biometric registration) to strictly monitor how beneficiaries spend the funds, or trust local community elders and village councils (LC1s) to supervise the accountability of the money locally.

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