Commercial surrogacy refers to the practice of paying a woman to be pregnant with a child for another individual/couple/family. Alternatively, altruistic surrogacy is legal and done for no fee but still have all general pregnancy expenses covered by the family including IVF impregnation (placing a fertilized egg in their uterus), prenatal care, doctor's appointments etc. Surrogate mothers have no right to the child unless they are biologically related to the child. Currently, this practice is legal in countries like Ukraine, Mexico, and Colombia or some US states such as California, Illinois, Arkansas, or Oregon, but is illegal in most European States and Canada.

Placebos are treatments that contain no active medical ingredients, such as sugar pills, saline injections, or sham procedures, but are given to patients to measure how much of a treatment’s effect comes from expectation rather than chemistry. The placebo effect occurs when a person experiences real, measurable improvement simply because they believe they are receiving effective treatment, highlighting the powerful role of psychology in healing.